Putri Cahaya Situmorang, Syahputra Wibowo, Masitta Tanjung, Raden Jokokuncoroningrat Susilo, Ananda, Rizal Mukra, Alexander Patera Nugraha, Wida Akasah
Background: Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. While conventional antihypertensive therapies exist, their adverse effects and cost limit accessibility, prompting the exploration of safer, plant-based alternatives. Purpose: This review aims to comprehensively examine the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in the management of hypertension by elucidating their mechanisms of action across multiple molecular pathways. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed®, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect®, and Scopus. The analysis focused on phytochemicals affecting vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), oxidative stress (ROS/NO), the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), NF-κB signaling, endothelial dysfunction, and prostacyclin (PGI₂) pathways. Results: Numerous phytochemicals, including quercetin, resveratrol, apigenin, and ursolic acid, demonstrate antihypertensive effects by targeting key signaling cascades involved in vascular remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Emerging evidence supports the role of nanotechnology in enhancing their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. However, challenges remain regarding bioavailability, standardization, clinical validation, and potential drug interactions. Conclusion: Phytochemicals offer a multi-targeted and sustainable strategy for hypertension management. Future research should prioritize clinical trials, pharmacokinetics, personalized approaches, and advanced delivery systems to translate preclinical findings into clinical practice and improve outcomes in hypertensive populations. © 2025 The Author(s)
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia; Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advance Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Livestock Production Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia; Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
